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本书为教材。主要内容有汽车发展史；汽车基本结构及原理；汽车造型设计；汽车知识；中外汽车公司；汽车技术发展；汽车的评估。目前虽介绍汽车文化的书较多，但主要停留在介绍汽车构造的基本知识，而系统阐述汽车文化的书较少。让非汽车专业的学生和喜爱汽车的人们，能对汽车的历史、构造、汽车技术的发展等方面有系统了解与认识，是本书的宗旨。该书对于高校学生、高职专科生、喜爱汽车的人们是非常有用的，有较强的实用性。

目  录

1  汽车发展史·················································································································· 1

1.1  汽车的远祖············································································································ 1

1.2  蒸汽汽车的诞生····································································································· 3

1.3  内燃机的发明········································································································ 5

1.4  柴油机的诞生········································································································ 6

1.5  内燃机汽车的诞生·································································································· 8

1.6  汽车大量生产时期·································································································· 9

1.7  世界主要汽车生产国的发展··················································································· 12

2  汽车基本结构及原理································································································· 18

2.1  发动机的构成及工作原理······················································································ 18

2.2  汽车底盘的构成及工作原理··················································································· 25

2.3  汽车车身及电气设备····························································································· 35

3  汽车造型设计············································································································ 36

3.1  汽车造型的演变··································································································· 36

3.2  影响汽车造型的因素····························································································· 43

3.3  汽车造型色彩······································································································· 44

3.4  空气动力学的基本概念·························································································· 46

3.5  风格各异的汽车造型艺术······················································································ 47

4  汽车知识···················································································································· 51

4.1  概念车················································································································ 51

4.2  汽车名人············································································································· 58

4.3  世界五大汽车展··································································································· 68

4.4  世界十大汽车城··································································································· 71

4.5  汽车车标············································································································· 75

4.6  汽车运动············································································································· 90

5  中外汽车公司············································································································ 98

5.1  中国汽车集团公司·························································································· 98

5.2  东风汽车集团股份有限公司················································································· 106

5.3  上海汽车集团股份有限公司················································································· 110

5.4  中国其他汽车公司······························································································ 111

5.5  国外主要汽车公司······························································································ 116

6  汽车技术的发展······································································································· 133

6.1  现代汽车技术的发展··························································································· 133

6.2  现代汽车技术的发展方向—— 从汽车展看汽车技术的发展趋势································· 136

7  二手车鉴定及评估··································································································· 142

7.1  汽车鉴定评估基本理论························································································ 142

7.2  二手车技术状况鉴定··························································································· 145

7.3  二手车评估的基本方法························································································ 153

参考文献························································································································ 157

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1.1  汽车的远祖

在原始社会，人们发现将圆木置于重物的下面，拖着重物行走比较省力，这被称作早期的木轮运输；后来人们又发现直径大的木轮速度比较快，于是木轮的直径越来越大，逐渐演变为带轴的轮子，这便形成了车轮的雏形。车轮是中华民族的祖先首先发明的，人类历史上的部车辆，也是在中华民族祖先灵巧的双手和智慧的开拓下，早驶上了历史的舞台。

中国古代神话中，有黄帝（也叫轩辕氏）造车之说。轩是古代一种有围棚的车，辕是车的基本构件。车的发明，次为人类创造了运输工具，大大减轻了人类搬运工作的负担，也扩大了人类交往的距离；车的发明，具有划时代的意义，它证明人类已真正进入了文明的轨道（《淮南子》说：黄帝造车；《古史考》曰：黄帝作车，至少昊始驾牛）。

据说5 000多年前，黄帝时代就已经发明了指南车，当时黄帝曾凭着它在大雾弥漫的战场上指示方向，战胜了蚩尤。

另外据史料记载，公元前2 000多年的夏初大禹时代，大夫奚仲，是中国车子的创造者，也是世界上辆车子的发明者（《吕氏春秋·君守篇》说：奚仲作车；《淮南子·修务篇》亦曰：奚仲为车）。

公元前1600年的商代，中国的车工技术已达到了相当高的水平，能制造出相当高级的两轮车，采用辐条制作车轮，外形结构精致华美，做工也十分复杂（见图1.1）。

西周时期（公元前771年）马车已经很盛行了。各诸侯国之间由于频繁的战争，马车便被纳入了战争的行列，在当时马车是代表一个国家强盛的标志。

陕西临潼秦始皇帝陵出土的战车样式，代表了春秋战国时期（公元前770—前221年）车辆的制造水平。其外形华美，做工精致，是当时马车的典范（见图1.2）。

                     图1.1  2005年发掘的商代晚期车马坑                                         图1.2  秦始皇帝陵出土的战车

据考证，三国时期魏国的于青龙三年（235年）创造了指南车。马钧所造的指南车除用齿轮传动外，还有自动离合装置，是利用齿轮传动系统和离合装置来指示方向。虽有记载，但造法失传。东晋安帝义熙十三年（417年），刘裕北伐进兵长安，后秦姚兴使令狐生制造指南车。北魏的郭善明也曾研制过，未成，扶风人马岳又造，垂成，善明鸩杀之。南朝的又发明一次，在《南齐书·祖冲之传》中记载：初，宋武平关中，得姚兴指南车，有外形而无机巧，每行，使人于内转之。升明中，太祖辅政，使冲之追修古法。冲之改造铜机，圆转不穷，而司方如一，马钧以来未有也。在特定条件下，车子转向时木人手臂仍指南。

《宋史·舆服志》则详细地记载了和吴德仁所造指南车的结构和技术规范，成为世界宝贵的工程学文献。燕肃的指南车是一辆双轮独辕车，车上立一木人，伸臂指南（见图1.3）。车中，除两个沿地面滚动的足轮（即车轮）外，尚有大小不同的7个齿轮。车轮转动，带动附于其上的垂直齿轮（称附轮或附立足子轮），该附轮又使与其啮合的小平轮转动，小平轮带动中心大平轮。指南木人的立轴就装在大平轮中心。当车转弯时，只要操作车上离合装置，即竹绳、滑轮（分别居于车左或车右的小轮）和铁坠子，就可以控制大平轮的转动，从而使木人指向不变。例如，当车向右转弯，则其前辕向右，后辕必向左。此时，只要将绕过滑轮的后辕端绳索提起，使左小平轮下落，从而与大平轮离开，同时使右小平轮上升，从而与大平轮啮合，大平轮就随右小平轮而逆转。由于各个齿轮匹配合理，车轮转向的弧度与大平轮逆转弧度相同，故木人指向不变。

                                                                      图1.3  指南车

其后，吴德仁鉴于燕肃所制的指南车不能转大弯，否则指向就失灵这一大缺点，重新设计制作指南车。吴德仁所造指南车的基本原理与燕肃所造的一致，只是在附设装置方面较为复杂。车分上下两层，上层除木人指南外，绕木人还有2只龟、4只鹤和4个童子。上层13个相互啮合的齿轮就是为它们设的。下层的齿轮装置与结构如前所述。这种绳轮离合装置，保证了车转大弯也不影响木人的指向。

指南车是利用差速齿轮原理制造的，是中国古代的一项重要发明创造，而欧洲直到19世纪才发现和运用这一原理，比中国晚了一千多年。指南车的创造标志着中国古代在齿轮传动和离合器应用上已取得很大成就。指南车是古代一种指示方向的车辆，也是古代帝王出门时，作为仪仗的车辆之一，以显示皇权的威严与奢华。

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前言

前  言

汽车自1886年诞生以来，至今已经有一百多年的历史了。汽车工业从无到有，以十分惊人的速度发展，成为世界各国的经济支柱。汽车数量众多，十分普及，目前全世界汽车保有量已超过11亿辆，并且以每年几千万辆的速度递增。汽车对人类社会的影响具有广泛深远的意义。

2016年1月12日，中国汽车工业协会发布数据，2015年我国累计生产汽车2 450.33万辆，销售汽车2 459.76万辆，产销量保持世界。2015年我国乘用车产销2 107.94万辆和2 114.63万辆，同比增长5.78%和7.30%；商用车产销342.39万辆和345.13万辆，同比下降9.97%和8.97%。从以上数据可以看到，汽车越来越多地走入了老百姓的家中，成为人们的一种生活方式。其实在汽车一百多年的发展历程中，汽车的发展推动了科技的进步和社会的发展，创造了巨大的社会财富，在其发展过程中，汽车也形成了自己独特的汽车文化。

本书从多方面介绍了丰富的汽车文化知识，第1章从汽车的历史出发，介绍了汽车的发展历程以及主要汽车生产国；第2章对汽车的基本结构及工作原理进行了简单介绍，帮助读者理解汽车的工作过程；第3章对汽车多姿多彩的造型设计进行了介绍，帮助读者认识汽车；第4章对汽车的一些基本知识进行了介绍，如概念车、汽车名人等，让读者在有趣的阅读中获得汽车文化知识；第5章介绍了国内外知名汽车公司及其生产的各式各样的汽车；第6章对汽车的新技术进行了介绍；第7章介绍了汽车评估的有关知识，以帮助读者选购二手汽车。

本书由李军（重庆工商大学）、梁宇（重庆工商大学）、卢海峰（重庆大学）编著，由李军对全书统稿。其他参加本书编写工作的有：重庆工商大学蒋昀赟、绵阳工程技术学校唐权、绵阳师范学院李虹、重庆外国语学校卢嘉桁。其中，李军编写汽车发展史、汽车知识、汽车造型设计等内容，梁宇编写中国汽车公司等内容，蒋昀赟编写汽车评估等内容，卢海峰编写汽车基本结构及原理等内容，唐权、李虹编写国外汽车公司等内容，卢嘉桁编写汽车车标等内容。

在本书编写过程中，引用了许多文献资料，在此全体作者向所有原作者表示衷心的感谢！

由于作者水平有限，书中难免有疏漏之处，恳请广大读者批评指正。

作  者    

2015年12月